5月21日消息，美国时间周三，美国参议院通过了一项加强对外国企业监管的法案。这项名为《外国公司问责法》的法案规定，任何一家外国公司连续三年未能遵守美国上市公司会计监督委员会(PCAOB)的审计要求，将禁止该公司的证券在美国证券交易所上市。该法案还将要求上市公司披露它们是否为外国政府所有或控制。

其实，早在4月21日，美国证券交易委员会(SEC)及美国上市公司会计监督委员会(PCAOB)五位高层发表声明，提醒美国境内投资者在投资总部位于新兴市场或在新兴市场有重大业务的公司时，注意财务报告及信息披露质量的风险。近日，特朗普又命令养老金从中概股中撤离。这个板块面临的压力越来越大，未来又将何去何从呢？

美国的杀招

当地时间周三，美国参议院通过了一项加强对外国企业监管的法案。这项名为《外国公司问责法》的法案规定，任何一家外国公司连续三年未能遵守美国上市公司会计监督委员会(PCAOB)的审计要求，将禁止该公司的证券在美国证券交易所上市。该法案还将要求上市公司披露它们是否为外国政府所有或控制。

其实，去年6月5日，一个由美国两党组成的法团就提出了一项法案草案，名为《Equitable Act》，是为公平法案。该法案由美国参议员卢比奥(Marco Rubio)提出，要求在美国证券交易所上市的中国公司提供审计底稿和接受更严格的监管——即迫使在美国股票市场上交易的中国公司(合计约150多家，总市值超过1.2万亿美元)遵守美国会计标准，否则将会被除牌。这个法案已经得到了美国首屈一指的两党组织“繁荣美国联盟(CPA)”的支持。

另一项名为《TSP法案》的单独法案将阻止美国主要的联邦退休储蓄投资委员会参与任何未得到美国PCAOB支持的会计机构审计，或因种种原因受到美国政府制裁的公司。

4月21日，美国证券交易委员会(SEC)及美国上市公司会计监督委员会(PCAOB)五位高层发表声明，提醒美国境内投资者在投资总部位于新兴市场或在新兴市场有重大业务的公司时，注意财务报告及信息披露质量的风险。声明中提到，PCAOB在获取对在美上市中国公司进行审计所需的基础工作文件方面能力有限。4月23日，SEC主席Jay Clayton在电视节目上公开表示：“从财务报告的角度看，美国对中国的监管与世界其他大多数地方不同；SEC已经与PCAOB为获取审计工作文件斗争了很长时间，委员会仍然没有访问权限”。

5月19日晚，瑞幸咖啡披露公司已于15日收到美国纳斯达克市场关于启动退市程序的通知，瑞幸计划向纳斯达克申请复议听证。

美国联邦退休节俭储蓄投资委员会(FRTIB)5月中旬表示，将无限期推迟其国际基金调整投资组合的计划。FRTIB管理的节俭储蓄计划(TSP)是在职和退休联邦雇员以及军人的退休储蓄基金，类似于叫做401(K)的企业退休储蓄基金。原本的资金组合调整计划将把一些资金投入一些中国公司。

影响多大，中概股何去何从？

在上述法案通过之后，阿里巴巴等中概股迎来了一波跳水。

截至收盘，中概股整体逆市走低。从近期走势来看，中概股整体走势也要比纳斯达克弱了很多。

2020年以来中概股风波不断。早在1月31日，浑水公司(Muddy Waters)就曾宣布收到一份做空报告，报告指出瑞幸咖啡从19年三季度开始捏造财务和运营数据，当时瑞幸咖啡股价也因此一度下跌20%以上。

而在4月2日瑞幸咖啡在公告中自曝承认公司COO涉嫌伪造22亿元人民币销售额，致使瑞幸咖啡股价在盘前一度大跌超过85%并触发熔断。随着瑞幸咖啡暴雷之后，中概股面临新一轮的信任危机，4月7日国际市场研究机构WolfpackResearch发布报告表示，爱奇艺存在虚增用户数、虚增收入的问题，其在2018年IPO之前就已存在欺诈行为。

海通证券认为，随着新一轮海外中概股信任危机的到来，泥沙俱下，出现经营问题的中概股公司面临淘汰风险。而在海外投资者带上“有色眼镜”的情况下，海外市场上优质的中概股可能也将面临被“错杀”的风险，估值承压。这将倒逼优质中概股公司借助政策改革的东风回归A股。

招商证券谢亚轩表示，美国证券交易委员会(SEC)及美国上市公司会计监督委员会(PCAOB)高层针对新兴市场及中国在美上市企业财务报告和信息披露质量发出警示。瑞幸等中概股爆出财务问题固然是SEC表态的导火索，但结合过去情况看，中美关系变化也是SEC发声的重要背景因素，应持续关注其中隐含的潜在政治风险。

在SEC对于中概股的警示中，审计底稿是一个核心问题。由于我国法律规定境内会计师事务所不得直接向境外提供审计底稿，中概股公司审计的跨境监管问题也由来已久。总体而言，近年来中美双方在跨境监管合作方面有一定进展，但程度有限。

短期中概股表现受到一定负面影响；审计机构为应对监管压力、降低检查风险，可能从严审计，引发中概股更多爆雷风险；短期赴美IPO企业数目将进一步下滑，长期来看，监管的灰色地带被压缩，中概股有可能出现“归国潮”。

S. 945- Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act

To amend the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 to require certain issuers to disclose to the Securities and Exchange Commission information regarding foreign jurisdictions that prevent the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board from performing inspections under that Act, and for other purposes.

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES

March 28, 2019

Mr. Kennedy (for himself and Mr. Van Hollen) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs

A BILL

To amend the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 to require certain issuers to disclose to the Securities and Exchange Commission information regarding foreign jurisdictions that prevent the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board from performing inspections under that Act, and for other purposes.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

This Act may be cited as the “Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act”.

SEC. 2. DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENT.

Section 104 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (15 U.S.C. 7214) is amended by adding at the end the following:

“(i) Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions That Prevent Inspections.—

“(1) DEFINITIONS.—In this subsection—

“(A) the term ‘covered issuer’ means an issuer that is required to file reports under section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m; 78o(d)); and

“(B) the term ‘non-inspection year’ means, with respect to a covered issuer, a year—

“(i) during which the Commission identifies the covered issuer under paragraph (2)(A) with respect to every report described in subparagraph (A) filed by the covered issuer during that year; and

“(ii) that begins after the date of the enactment of this subsection.

“(2) DISCLOSURE TO COMMISSION.—The Commission shall—

“(A) identify each covered issuer that, with respect to the preparation of the audit report on the financial statement of the covered issuer that is included in a report described in paragraph (1)(A) filed by the covered issuer, retains a registered public accounting firm that has a branch or office that—

“(i) is located in a foreign jurisdiction; and

“(ii) the Board is unable to inspect under this section; and

“(B) require each covered issuer identified under subparagraph (A) to, in accordance with the rules issued by the Commission under paragraph (4), submit to the Commission documentation that establishes that the covered issuer is not owned or controlled by a governmental entity in the foreign jurisdiction described in subparagraph (A)(i).

“(3) TRADING PROHIBITION AFTER 3 YEARS OF NON-INSPECTIONS.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—If the Commission determines that a covered issuer has 3 consecutive non-inspection years, the Commission shall prohibit the securities of the covered issuer from being traded on a national securities exchange.

“(B) REMOVAL OF INITIAL PROHIBITION.—If, after the Commission imposes a prohibition on a covered issuer under subparagraph (A), the covered issuer certifies to the Commission that the covered issuer has retained a registered public accounting firm that the Board has inspected under this section to the satisfaction of the Commission, the Commission shall end that prohibition.

“(C) RECURRENCE OF NON-INSPECTION YEARS.—If, after the Commission ends a prohibition under subparagraph (B) or (D) with respect to a covered issuer, the Commission determines that the covered issuer has a non-inspection year, the Commission shall prohibit the securities of the covered issuer from being traded on a national securities exchange.

“(D) REMOVAL OF SUBSEQUENT PROHIBITION.—If, after the end of the 5-year period beginning on the date on which the Commission imposes a prohibition on a covered issuer under subparagraph (C), the covered issuer certifies to the Commission that the covered issuer will retain a registered public accounting firm that the Board is able to inspect under this section, the Commission shall end that prohibition.

“(4) RULES.—Not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this subsection, the Commission shall issue rules that establish the manner and form in which a covered issuer shall make a disclosure and a submission required under clauses (i) and (ii) of paragraph (2)(B), respectively.”.